PgmNr C26: Transposable elements as vehicles of gene movement and duplication within and between eukaryotes.

Authors:
Ellen Pritham 1 ; Komal Vadnagara 2 ; Jainy Thomas 1


Institutes
1) University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; 2) MD Anderson, Houston, TX.


Abstract:

Transposable elements are mutagens that can contribute directly and indirectly to genetic innovation.  In bacteria, transposable elements carrying genes involved in cellular function such as antibiotic resistance, catabolism, and pathogenicity are commonly horizontally transferred.  Contrary to their bacterial counterparts, eukaryotic transposable elements are not known to traffic cellular genes between species.  Here we provide evidence that many different superfamilies of eukaryotic transposable elements are actively transducing and transporting cellular genes across species boundaries.  Families of Crypton, Helitron, Mutator, PiF-Harbinger and PiggyBac, identified from the genome of the eukaryotic phyto-pathogenic microbe, Phytophthora infestans carry cellular genes, in addition to the genes encoding transposase (called supercharged in this study (SCTE).  The supercharged genes are predicted to be involved in epigenetic gene regulation or pathogenicity and expressed during plant infection.  We show that large gene families were spawned via SCTE transposition.  These superfamilies are predominantly found in the dynamic genome locale populated by host recognition and infection genes as well as genes necessary for growth, in planta.  Indeed, SCTE transposition facilitated the seeding of this region with genes typically found in more constrained locations.   Finally, we present compelling evidence that transposable elements are transporting genes horizontally between Phytophthora species.  Our results demonstrate that eukaryotic transposable elements, like their bacterial counterparts, are vehicles of gene movement both within and between genomes.